MEFANET GAMES: Introduction

Categorized according to fields of medicine

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Anaesthesia of patient with orofacial cleft

author: Michaela Richtrová, Petr Štourač, Jana Šoltýsová, Michal Reška

Cleft defects are the most common congenital malformations. The initial discovery is already possible with prenatal screening examination, and its finding is not an indication to terminate the pregnancy. Nowadays, the treatment possibilities allow us to unsure little-to-no handicap in adulthood. Surgical treatment and anaesthesiological approach for these defects have their own specifics. This algorithm will apprise the solver with course of treatment, will navigate the solver through perioperative management of each of the reconstructive procedures and will acquaint them with multidisciplinary approach.

Regional anaesthesia in adults

author: Ivo Křikava, Marta Juřeníková, Jana Pastoreková, Olha Ihnatenko

Regional anesthesia is progressively preferred method in anesthesiology. It provides patients with many advantages in both pre and postoperative period. One of the prerequisites for practicing regional anesthesia is a good knowledge of the area topography, work with ultrasound image, basic indications and contraindications for the specific nerve blocks and recognizing possible complications. The goal of this algorithm is to guide a participant through possibilities for regional anesthesia of the upper extremity and the dealing with possible complications.

Ketoacidosis

author: Hana Harazim, Pavlína Přikrylová, Michal Reška

Ketoacidosis is an acute, life-threatening condition, which is caused by the presence of ketone bodies in the blood. The treatment has its specifics as well as drawbacks, the knowledge of which is essential for successful therapy. This algorithm is focusing on diabetic ketoacidosis, which occurs mostly in patients with type I diabetes; however, alcoholic ketoacidosis also exists, albeit being less common and having less acute progress. The algorithm introduces typical signs, carries through the therapy with a focus on addressing some of the common setbacks, and provides ways of preventing future similar conditions.

TURP syndrome

author: Jitka Kotolová, Petrana Relovská, Soňa Řezníčková, Kateřina Popková

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is one of the most common benign tumors in men. Etiology of this condition is thought to be linked to hormonal imbalance and its prevalence increases with age. If pharmacotherapy fails, a surgical procedure is the next therapeutic step, most often a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). TURP syndrome is a serious and life-threatening complication of transurethral resection of the prostate. This algorithm aims to familiarize the solver with the pathophysiology, onset risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome. At the end of this algorithm the solver should be aware that TURP syndrome can develop both during and after an uncomplicated TURP procedure.

Capnography

author: Vladislav Nezval, Lucie Hajnová

After a short theoretical introduction you will be able to recognise the basic artifacts and pathological situations on the capnographic waveform in total of 9 clinical cases. Among other you will be explained the significance of this method during the induction to general anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary resuscitation as well. After mastering this algorithm you can rely on this simple but important monitoring method during you clinical practice.

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

author: Martina Klincová, Lucie Štětková, Adéla Kotíková, Hana Krobotová

The aim of algorithm is getting to know hemolytic-uremic syndrom, which is one of the most common causes of acute renal failure in childhood. We will look at its clinical manifestations, typical laboratory findings and we will describe two basic forms of this disease. Together we will also clarify the ethiology, pathogenesis, clinical course, treatment and prognosis of hemolytic-uremic syndrom.

CNS infection

author: Kateřina Matoušková, Lucie Moťková, Eliška Moráňová, Mabel Šterclová

In this algorithm you will learn about infections, which affect our most important belongings. Neuroinfections can be life-threatening conditions and despite all therapy can lead to lasting health problems. So how to recognize them on time? How to treat the patient? And can we prevent these infections? Dealing with our algorithm with fluffy patients you will find answers to all these questions and a lot of other interesting information.

Cholangoitis

author: Jan Hudec, Klára Fabiánková, Nhat Linh Ngo, Kristína Slobodová

Cholangitis (sometimes referred to as cholangoitis) is an inflammation of primarily the intrahepatic bile ducts. It is almost always associated with partial or complete obstruction of the bile ducts. The cause of obstruction may be choledocholithiasis, biliary strictures, primary sclerosing cholangoitis, congenital malformations or tumor obstruction of the bile ducts. Bile that stagnates in the ducts may then be infected with intestinal microorganisms (E. coli) and the process can then proceed intraparenchymatously, leading to multiple microabscesses in the liver and generalized sepsis, which is a life-threatening condition.

Structured Patient Handoff

author: Martin Kutěj, Hana Straková, Karolína Lečbychová, Markéta Bílená, Tereza Ekrtová, Vojtěch Jarkuliš,

Structured passing of information about the patient and correctly doing patient handoff is very often considered marginal. However, the correct execution of these procedures significantly increases patient's safety and leads to better classification and passing on essential information. This algorithm aims to point out the possibilities of structured information pass on and safe patient handoff.

COVID-19 patient in the hospital

author: Olga Smékalová, Kateřina Hadrabová, Jan Beneš,

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global problem. Patients require specific care from initial treatment in emergency departments. Many patients with extensive bilateral pneumonia require hospitalization in the intensive care unit and are dependent on high-flow oxygen therapy. In some of them, despite all treatment, lung disease progresses to the form of acute respiratory distress syndrome with the need to be connected to mechanical lung ventilation. Adequate blood gas exchange often cannot be achieved by a protective setting of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, the physician must use the prone position and, in the most severe cases, also consider the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. The algorithm is divided into two parts, and the participant can decide whether he wants to take care of the patient with COVID-19 during emergency admission or play the role of an intensive care physician.

Intraabdominal infection and acute abdomen

author: Tamara Skříšovská, Petr Štourač, Hiroko Martin

Acute abdomen refers to a heterogenous group of urgent conditions characterized by the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain. The spectrum of disease encompassed within this term may cause diagnostic difficulty, owing to the considerable diversity in the underlying etiology, which includes, among others, obstructive, inflammatory, vascular, infective, and gynecological processes. Infective intraabdominal processes in particular are a serious cause of mortality and present a unique clinical challenge due to the evolutionarily dynamic nature of the pathogens and the potential for progression of infection beyond the original infectious foci. As a result, diagnosis and management of patients with suspected intraabdominal infections is contingent on obtainment of a comprehensive history, structured evaluation, timely intervention, and prompt initiation of empiric therapy, followed by adjustments in antimicrobial therapy once the causative organism has been identified, if necessary.

Toxic shock syndrome

author: Tamara Skříšovská, Petr Štourač, Madita Binder

Septic shock is a life threatening condition which needs quick intervention. The treatment and differential diagnosis of septic shock might appear to be quite challeging, but is essential for an optimal outcome for the patient. This algorithm will give a insight into the managment of septic shocks, the differential diagnosis, possible error sources in the diagnosis and characteristics of microbes, that cause shock.

Psychological preparation of children for surgery

author: PhDr. Miroslav Světlák, Tereza Stepaková

Research shows that 40 % to 60 % of children, especially of pre-school and early school age, experience anxiety and stress before a surgery requiring general anaesthesia. Subsequently, some of them show post-traumatic stress symptoms, which continue to affect the child’s overall condition, recovery, and compliance with any other medical care. Children under seven years of age are considered to be the most endangered group. Several preventive measures can be taken that reduce the risk of developing a post-traumatic stress response. This algorithm endeavours to draw healthcare professionals’ attention to the critical points of the entire procedure of preparing a child for the surgery under general anaesthesia in terms of psychology, that can help children better manage medical intervention.

Regional anaesthesia in children

author: Martina Kosinová, Tereza Musilová, Anna Hrazdírová, Tereza Štenclová

Peripheral nerve block, as part of a multimodal approach to the treatment of pain, is already a standard part of anaesthesiology care not only in adults but also in pediatric patients. The basic condition for the implementation of peripheral blocks is a perfect knowledge of the topographic anatomy of the area, which together with the use of ultrasound methods allows to minimize possible risks. The aim of the algorithm is to approach the specifics of performing peripheral blockades in children. It shows the advantages that allow a small patient to access the stay in the operating room and in the postoperative period, with emphasis on the adequate effect of postoperative pain.

Burn in pediatrics

author: Eva Klabusayová, Tereza Kramplová, Alena Brančíková, Aneta Vomelová

Burns are serious painful injuries. The severity of burn injury depends on the extent, location and the degree of burns. Therapy and subsequent recovery is long. The most common cause of burns in children is heat damage to the skin. This interactive algorithm will comprehensively guide you through all the steps of the treatment of burn injuries in children, from the first aid and pre-hospital care to the anaesthesiology and surgical care of a burnt child.

Transportation of the pathological newborn

author: Martin Vavřina, Martin Janků, Kateřina Machanová, Tereza Urbánková

Childbirth is a common part of human life and it can unfortunately be accompanied by complications of the mother or child. In our algorithm, we will look at the prolonged birth of twins, after which it will be necessary to evaluate the condition and decide on the transport of one of the children. Where to transfer a pathological newborn to be provided with adequate care? How to proceed in securing vital functions along the way? How to react to the deterioration of the condition? If you do not know the answers to these questions, we believe that after mastering our story, you will be prepared for such situations.

Dog bites

author: Tereza Prokopová, Aneta Mrkvičková, Tereza Šiprová, Kateřina Šalandová

Animal bites are a common injury, especially in children. They have a wide scale from small scratches to amputations. Because of the risk of the infections, special care and treatment is needed, different than in any other injury. In our algorithm we focus on dog bites, because that is the most common case. Algorithm has two different branches describing a situation with both rabies vaccinated and non vaccinated dog.

Pericardial tamponade

author: Deana Slovjaková, Jana Šimčíková, Ivana Diešková, Tamás Komlósi

Pericardial tamponade is a serious life-threatening condition whose early recognition is crucial for the patient. Therefore when an unfortunate accident happens, it is possible that even a traditional hunting session becomes a battle for life. Pericardial tamponade is one of the so-called "4T" reversible causes of sudden cardiac arrest, and in this algorithm we will guide you through its differential diagnosis and therapy, from prehospital care to definitive hospital treatment.

Helicopter Emergency Medical Service

author: Jiří Chvojka,

Purpose of this algorithm is to understand the significance of the chain of survival, the significance of proper rescue teams activation. In special cases the role of helicopter emergency medical service is crucial. Especially in cases when transport into remote receiving hospital is needed. There is a potential role of early ECMO team activation when indicated.

Biohazard

author: Anna Štorchová,

The times we live in bring with them almost unlimited travel opportunities. It is this fact that can cause the spread of a highly contagious disease in our extremities. Such a situation affects not only doctors and paramedics, but also other units of the Integrated Rescue System. The algorithm offers the opportunity to look under the hood of how to deal with an extraordinary situation with a suspected presence of a highly contagious disease, from emergency calls and pre-hospital care to clean-up operations.

Practical use of viscoelastic methods

author: Kamil Vrbica, Veronika Kočí, Jana Nepšinská, Miriam Kollerová

Viscoelastic methods and ROTEM/ClotPro machines examine the coagulation status and mechanical properties of the coagulum in real time during its formation, stabilization and lysis. The examination can be performed immediately after blood collection. They are also referred to as "bedside" tests. The advantage of viscoelastic methods lies in the speed of examination and the possibility of targeted therapy - targeted choice of transfusion products according to the results, reduction of their consumption and reduction of stress for the patient’s organism. They can be used successfully in the treatment of life-threatening bleeding in severe trauma, evaluation of the haemocoagulation status before or during surgery. The interactive algorithm explains the use and interpretation of viscoelastic methods and aims to show various results of the analysis and their solutions.

Acute respiratory failure

author: Jozef Klučka, Lucienne Michnáčová

Respiratory failure is a life-threatening condition in which respiratory system is unable to ensure adequate gas exchange which results in hypercapnia (insufficient elimination of carbon dioxide from the blood), hypoxaemia (insufficient oxygen supply to arterial blood) or both. In acute respiratory failure compensatory mechanisms occur − hyperventilation, tachypnoea and tachycardia. The algorithm presents possibilities of oxygen therapy and ventilatory support in a patient with severe respiratory failure. Regarding patient's clinical condition (vital signs, laboratory, physical examination) you will be able to recognize the (in)effectiveness of therapy and understand ventilation parameters such as PEEP, FiO2 and oxygen flow. Knowledge of individual methods, their limitations and settings is crucial for correct indication in a given patient.

Hypothermia and Frostbites

author: Jan Filip Sýkora, Martina Valachová, Šárka Raková

It is very probable that everyone has encountered a mild case of hypothermia at some point in their life. Nevertheless, severe hypothermia is a life threatening condition that can lead to cardiac arrest, metabolic decompensation and multiorgan failure. Therefore, it is necessary to treat it adequately. This algorithm will guide you through the process of treating a hypothermic person, which begins by the first aid in the field, continues by the care of EMS members and doctors in the emergency department and is later completed by the treatment of frostbites.

Suspension syndrome

author: Deana Slovjaková, Tomáš Gyönyör, Tatiana Králiková

Whether performing high-altitude work or recreational and sport climbing activities, you may encounter the issue of suspension syndrome. It is a life-threatening situation characterized by syncope as a result of brain hypoperfusion, which can develop due to prolonged passive sitting in a harness. Resolving this algorithm, you will gain the knowledge of suspension syndrome prevention, which can be utilized by anyone in such a situation, as well as the knowledge of necessary steps in mountain rescue of two climbers, one conscious and one unconscious.

Hemodynamic monitoring

author: Olga Smékalová, Kristina Šikulová, Jakub Kostka, Martina Růžičková, Tomáš Vobořil, Jan Beneš,

Knowledge of hemodynamics is not the only domain of anesthesia. It is an integral part of almost all medical disciplines. In our algorithm, the investigator can try several possibilities of monitoring hemodynamics in anesthetized patient: non-invasive blood pressure measurement, continuous blood pressure measurement by invasive and non-invasive method, but also advanced monitoring by pulse contour analysis. It is necessary to realize that correct evaluation of the patient's physiological functions has a significant effect on his outcome, long-term hypotension increases risk of perioperative perioperative myocardial infarction, stroke and acute kidney injury; in contrast, fluid overload can cause pulmonary edema or heart failure.

Anesthesia in lung pathologies

author: Veronika Tomášková, Vanda Hořínková, Kristýna Cahová

The educational algorithm Anesthesia in lung pathologies offers the possibility of solving two cases of different pulmonary diseases. Specifically, it is a patient with COPD and a patient with IPF, ie. a restrictive lung disease. The aim of the algorithm is to emphasize the importance of preoperative patient preparation and at the same time to point out possible complications and their subsequent solution, which may occur in patients with lung disease.

Difficult Airway Management - 2020

author: Jan Hudec, Tereza Prokopová, Ľubomír Vlček, Pavlína Zbořilová

Difficul airway management (DAM) is a life threatening situation, in which anaesthetist experiences difficulty with ventilation by face mask, supraglottic airway or endotracheal intubation. This can be partially avoided by difficult airway assessment (LEMON score, difficult intubation in the past), however, difficult airway can occur in any patient. Difficulty with airway management may result in serious consequences (hypoxic brain injury, death) in a matter of minutes, therefore one needs to recognize the situation early and proceed quickly.

Difficult airway management in pregnancy

author: Petr Štourač, Marta Juřeníková, Olga Půčková, Ekaterina Fedyukina

Difficult airway management during pregnancy is a life-threatening situation not only for the mother but also for the fetus. In the third trimester of pregnancy, the risk of difficult airway management is ten times higher compared to the non-pregnant population. Therefore, difficult airway management should be recognised in time, it’s important to proceed quickly and to achieve adequate ventilation, otherwise there are serious consequences such as hypoxic brain injury, fetal or maternal death. This algorithm will give you a chance to deal with two situations of difficult airway management. We use different muscle relaxants in each situation.

Malignant Hyperthermia - 2020

author: Martina Klincová, Dagmar Štěpánková, Petra Kostroňová, Pavlína Kotrhová

Malignant hyperthermia is a rare, life-threatening disease that is charactarized by pathologic hypermetabolic state in muscular tissues that is triggered by specific anaesthetic agents. Firstly, our educational algorithm will lead you step by step through a situation with unexpected case of MH during surgery, show you how to remain calm, assess the situation and save the patient's life. The other part of the algorithm is dedicated to anaesthetic care of a patient who can have genetic predisposition for delevoping MH. It is crucial to prepare your workplace and medical staff for the specifics of anaesthesiological management of this patient and the possibility of further complications. Last but not least, you will learn about means of diagnostics of MH in the Czech Republic.

Advanced Trauma Life Support

author: Zbyněk Šimek, Daniel Barvík, Tereza Kramplová

Trauma accounts for 10 per cent of the world's mortality, about 5 million victims each year. And this trend is expected to increase. Conversely, good organization of care for the injured can reduce this trend, especially in the acute phase. Since 1978, the American College of Surgeons has been trying to systematize and improve this component of care by the Advanced Trauma Life Support protocol. The interactive algorithm approaches the use of the ATLS protocol in pre-hospital care and emergency room to transport to the operating room. It describes the basic scheme of examination, securing and therapy of traumatized patients.

Tension pneumothorax

author: Michal Vondráček, Jakub Švec, Svatava Janků

The young athlete Michal was with his friend riding freeride bikes. Michal overestimated his forces and had an accident in which he caused a tension pneumothorax. In this algorithm we will learn how to proceed in such a situation. In the first part we will give first aid in the role of Michal's friend. Then we put ourselfs into position of the EMS physician and show how this situation needs to be solved before the patient is taken to the hospital. Finally, as emergency doctors, we will continue to treat pneumothorax.

Malignant arrhythmia in child

author: Martina Kosinová, Tereza Musilová, Kateřina Popková, Barbora Pitmausová

Malignant arrhythmias are disorders of a cardiac rhythm, which can lead to a cardiac arrest. They are usually developed in children due to hereditary syndromes like catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or long QT syndrome. Unfortunately, up to 30 %, the first sign of this disease is a sudden cardiac arrest, which requires immediate intervention. Triggers of these acute states are common situations like higher physical activity, emotional burden, shock or even sleep.

Acute postoperative pain management - 2020

author: Ivo Křikava, Henrieta Hricová, Štěpán Janíček

Perioperative pain management and bridging to postoperative period is an important task and has a great impact on chronification of pain in the future. We present you revised algorithm using both paravertebral or epidural block in patient undergoing thoracotomy.

Delirium

author: Marek Kovář, Zuzana Timková, Richard Izák, Mária Štefíčková

Delirium is a life-threatening and highly underdiagnosed condition. It is a reaction of CNS to damage, manifested by a qualitative impairment of consciousness, decreased attention. Delirium usually starts suddenly in the evening and has a fluctuating course. It can have many causes: organic, toxic (caused by the administration of anticholinergics, dopaminergic antiparkinsonian drugs), and may be caused by withdrawal state as well (D. tremens). According to symptoms we distinguish hypoactive, hyperactive or mixed delirium.

Acetaminophen poisoning

author: Petr Štourač, Eva Klabusayová, Katarína Zubriková, Vladimír Kurák

Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) intoxication is a life-threatening condition leading potentially to hepatic failure. Acetaminophen has antipyretic and analgesic effect, it does not have anti-inflammatory effect. It is widely used by the general public in the form of over-the-counter medicines. Due to large number of different types and easy availability of drugs containing acetaminophen on the Czech market, accidental or intentional ingestion of a toxic dose may occur. One of these situations is shown by our algorithm.

Metformin associated lactic acidosis

author: Jitka Chlupová, Dominik Nedoma, Barbora Pernová

Lactic acidosis is serious acid-base balance disorder, that can occur in patients on metformin therapy. Metformin is currently still one of the most used drugs in the treatment of the type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin is still one of the most commonly used drug in therapy of Diabettes Mellitus type 2. The aim of this algorithm is to encounter the solver with this condition and its correct therapy.

Anaesthesia of COVID-19 positive patient

author: Deana Slovjaková, Eva Klabusayová,

Number of patients infected with COVID-19 worldwide is still growing. The risk of transfer of infection to the medical personnel is high, especially when aerosol generating procedures are done, for example intubation. Anaesthesia of COVID-19 positive patients has it's specifics, which must be taken into account, due to safety of the patient and due to safety of the medical personnel as well. Algorithm will guide you through the basic steps of preparing anaesthesia team and workplace, correct use of personal protective equipment and uncomplicated airway management of COVID-19 positive patient undergoing surgery in general anaesthesia.

Resuscitation of COVID-19 positive patient

author: ,

The general director of the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 infection a world pandemic situation on the 11 th March 2020. At the time, there is neither specific treatment nor vaccination available against COVID-19 infection. Everyone in the population is considered to be susceptible to this infection. The clinical features of COVID-19 infection vary from asymptomatic presentation to severe pneumonia and in the gravest cases can lead to death. In most of the cases (80%), the clinical presentation would correlate to mild respiratory infection and pneumonia. The severe cases with the high risk of death are connected with the elderly patients with comorbidities and chronic medical impairment. This algorithm aims to guide you through the essential safety precautions and deviations from the standard CPR approach, taking into account the risk of spreading the COVID-19 infection from the patient to the medical staff.

Anaesthesia for carotid endarterectomy

author: Veronika Tomaskova MD, Richard Bašista, Ondrej Bilec

Carotid arterial atherosclerosis is a common cause of stroke. The internal carotid artery and the carotid bifurcation are the locations most frequently affected by carotid atherosclerosis. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is an established revascularization intervention that removes atherosclerotic plaque. In this algorithm, we will review the anaesthetic management of an elderly patient undergoing CEA, utilizing two possible options.

Decompression sickness

author: Michal Vondráček, Lenka Šrahulková, Ľubica Joppeková, Martin Janků

Decompression sickness (also known as caisson disease) affects mainly divers, but may also affect airmen or astronauts. It is a very dangerous condition that can easily kill the person. In our algorithm, we focused on highlighting the various symptoms of decompression sickness, the importance of pre-hospital care, and the hyperbaric chamber. Furthermore, we want to familiarize the investigator with the indications and contraindications of therapy in the hyperbaric chamber. Although this is not a common disease in our country, anything can happen and you will find yourself in a situation where you will have to deal with decompression sickness.

Difficult Airway Management in Paediatrics

author: Tamara Skříšovská, Alena Trčková, Zuzana Fusková

The aim of this algorithm is to offer 2 difficult intubation situations in a paediatric patient. In the first case it is possible to try a protocol for the unexpected difficult intubation. The second one in an expected difficult intubation. Step by step and you can go throught the procedure for these clinicaly truly important situations.

ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery)

author: Martina Kosinová, Barbara Baloghová, Anežka Schreierová

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is a multimodal, multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach to perioperative care. The purpose of the ERAS concept is to minimize complications related to the surgical procedure and early recovery of physiological functions, which results in reduced rates of morbidity, faster recovery and shorter length of stay in hospital. Interdisciplinary collaboration, especially anaesthesiologist, surgeon, nurse and physiotherapist, is essential.

Febrile seizures - 2019

author: Assoc. Prof. Petr Štourač PhD, Vladislav Nezval MD, Gabriela Kubicová, Dalibor Zimek

Febrile seizures are a serious condition of children from 6 months to 5 years old. The occurrence of their uncomplicated form is more common. Other serious illnesses such as meningitis or epilepsy must be excluded in differential diagnosis. The diagnostic procedure contained in this algorithm serves to this purpose. Our algorithm emphasizes the correct diagnotics of the cause of the fever, the determination of the basic course of treatment in the acute phase and an adequate pharmacotherapy.

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

author: Jitka Chlupová MD, Petr Zámečník MD, Michal Matava, Barbara Szilárdyová

Decreasing fertility of the population, related to the higher age of primigravidae among other thing, leads to the fact, that people more and more frequently turn to the assisted reproduction centers. Methods of in vitro fertilization nowadays help many infertile couple start a family. However, every intervention into the organism has an adverse effect. In the algorithm, we face the serious complication of pharmacological ovarian stimulation.

Hypo- and hyperkalemia

author: Tereza Prokopová, Deana Slovjaková, Kateřina Šalandová, Tereza Šiprová

Potassium is a main intracellular ion participating in maintaining intracellular tonicity, transmission of nerve impulses, renal functions and contractions of muscles. Disturbances of its plasmatic concentration are very common and serious problem in the intern medicine and belong between 4H/4T reversible causes of cardiac arrest. In this algorithm you will learn how to diagnose them with ECG and how to treat them efficiently.

Invasive venous catheterization of critical patient - 2019

author: Jan Hudec MD, Kateřina Matoušková MD, Tomáš Fecko, Katarína Figurová

Venous catheterization is one of the most basic skills necessary for providing any further health care. Due to lack of knowledge and experience the patient may be endangered both during the procedure itself and by incorrect decisions and following complications as well. Our algorithm deals with all three basic methods for obtaining a venous acces in a model situation, where those are used sequentially considering current indications and contraindications. Essential technical approaches are depicted in step-by-step description for each method.

Cardiac anaesthesia

author: Peter Kľúčovský, Sabina Baumlová, Artem Fatkhutdinov

The aim of Cardiac anesthesia algorithm is to point out specifics of this branch of anesthesia. The main one is ECC (extracorporeal circulation) during cardiac surgeries. Other specifics include open chest surgery, application of cardio-plegic solution, vascular graft harvesting, or placing epi-myocardial electrode.

Surgery during pregnancy

author: Assoc. Prof. Petr Štourač MD PhD, Esther Cheng MD, Lucia Šmahovská, Jakub Švec

The management of anesthesia for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy is not so common. However, this kind of an intervention includes some specifics that a capable anesthesiologist should know and also the risks he should have in mind and know how to prevent them or how to deal with them. This algorithm is supposed to show you how to proceed in this situation. It includes choice of anesthesia, anesthesia management, post-operative care, as well as right diagnosis and surgery indications. It marginally touches any complications associated with this intervention.

PCA pump

author: Ivo Křikava, MD, PhD, Matej Koštialik, Soňa Řezníčková

The therapy of post-operative pain is an important part of every surgical proccedure and with the development of therapeutic possibilities, the new, better and more effeicient ways such as the PCA pump are introduced.

Non-healing wound care

author: Březovská Michaela, MSN,

A number of external influences (traumas, chemical and biological effects, local disproportionate shear stress, friction and pressure, etc.) may lead to the deterioration of skin cover integrity, followed by impaired tissue repair and ulceration. A non-healing wound must always be seen as a symptom of another serious, often chronic, disease. The formation of the wound and its healing process is modified by several factors such as physiological skin againg, associated diseases, nutritional condition, pharmacotherapy, age and other. All these attributes are fulfilled with an algorithm for the prevention and treatment of decubitus ulcers.The algorithm published on the web portal www.akutne.cz represents an innovative educational material for healthcare professionals who are not primarily established specialists in the care of non-healing wounds. It helps to better understand the context of decubitus ulcers formation, which is needed not only for its treatment but also as prevention. I believe that this algorithm will be frequently visited and used by the web portal users.

Surviving sepsis - first hour

author: Marek Kovář, MD, Lucie Bánovská, Veronika Kováříková

Sepsis is a life-threatening dysregulated response of the organism to an infectious stimulus that persists even after removal of this stimulus. Sepsis can occur very quickly and severely, under the picture of septic shock with multiorgan failure and the need for organ function support. Therefore, early recognition of this critical condition and early initiation of treatment should be considered. In treatment, emphasis is placed on initiating it within the first hour of suspected sepsis to maximize the patient's chances of recovery.

Choking in children

author: Martina Klincová MD, Lucie Moťková MD, Tereza Kramplová, Jozef Sklenka

Food or other foreign body aspiration represents a frequent life threatening condition, mainly in children under the age of 3, who already possess the ability of independent movement and use it to discover their surroundings. The management of these situations has a number of significant characteristics, from active expectoration support and eventual resuscitation to often necessary invasive intervention. How to perform the first aid and remove the foreigner body from the airway? With this algorithm, we invite you to experience a model situation that each of us can go through.

Anorexia nervosa

author: Václav Krmíček, MD, Lenka Šnajdrová, PhD

An ambulance has just brought Katie, a 17-year-old girl suffering from repeated fainting spells, to A&E. Katie is not in a communicative mood during your examination, her answers are short and reluctant, her most recent fainting has not taken her by surprise. She insists that everything is fine and that she was only tired. She also says that she is used to occasional fainting, reassuring you that everything will be okay and asking you to let her go home. She explains her malnutrition by loss of appetite and by stomach ache. According to her, everything is related to increased stress due to this year’s school-leaving exam.

Target Controlled Infusion Anaesthesia

author: Ivo Křikava, MD, PhD, Bönisch Vít, Křemečková Petra

In certain situations the use of balanced anaesthesia is not indicated (e.g. malignant hyperthermia). If we cannot use balanced anaesthesia nor regional anaesthesia (due to the characteristics of the surgery) – a TIVA (Total Intravenous Anaesthesia) should come to our minds. And TCI (Target Controlled Infusion) is a way how TIVA can be performed. The advantages of TCI in comparison to manually performed TIVA are for example – easier titration of the anaesthetic agent, it leads to fewer interventions by anaesthesiologist and helps us anticipate the wake up time. The purpose of this algorithm is to introduce the TCI syringe pump, to demonstrate how it works, what the indications are, what parameters are needed and how the complications can be solved with the use of TCI.

Mushroom Poisoning

author: Marek Kovář, MD, Jan Filip Sýkora, MD, Kateřina Bochníčková, Eva Urbánková

Mushroom picking is one of the favorite ways of spending free time in the Czech Republic. Unfortunately, since not everyone in this country happens to be a mycologist there are many cases of fungal poisoning every year. Poisoning can occur in a variety of ways, ranging from banal nausea requiring medical treatment through excessive vomiting and diarrhea to severe organ failure. This condition, without timely and intensive care might lead to patient's death.
In this algorithm you will diagnose and then adequately treat poisoning with different types of fungi. We have three scenarios prepared, how many you go through depends on you.

Pulmonary embolism II

author: Olga Smékalová, Kateřina Matoušková, Klára Fabiánková, Dalibor Zimek

Pulmonary embolism is one of the most frequent life threatening diseases and according to statistics it is the third most common cause of cardiovascular mortality (after myocardial infarction and stroke).
The goal of this algorithm is to show that pulmonary embolism is not a rare disease and that one should keep it in mind during a diagnostic process. This algorithm also points out the fact that pulmonary embolism occurs moreover in younger population because of very widespread risk factors which are for example smoking, a use of oral contraceptive pills or long flights by airplane.

Life-threatening Bleeding - 2018

author: Olga Smékalová, Michaela Brázdilová, Jan Sapák

Life-threatening bleeding can be defined in many aspects: by extent of blood loss, by the presence of clinical and laboratory signs of tissue hypoperfusion or signs of organ functions failure. Sometimes bleeding is not associated with major blood loss, but it threatens the life by localization of bleeding to the regions important for maintaining vital functions (eg. brain). In our algorithm we pursue bleeding from esophageal varices, which are frequent complication of hepatic cirrhosis. The goal of this algorithm is to show you the right steps and resolution of the therapy of life-threatening bleeding.

Anaesthetic Management of Patient with Diabetes Mellitus

author: Jitka Chlupová, MD, Vojtěch Nekvapil, Ielyzaveta Panchenko

There is an increasing prevalence of diabetic patients undergoing surgery with the high number of complications associated with comorbidities. And even shorter surgical procedures without prior adequate diabetes compensation can pose a significant risk to them.
This algorithm aims to emphasize the importance of preoperative preparation of the patient with DM, choice of anaesthesia and perioperative monitoring.

Anaesthetic Management in THA

author: Monika Zamborská, MD, Kamil Vrbica, MD, Čuloková Zuzana, Kosztúr Daniel

Total hip arthroplasty is one of the most frequent operations in hospitals of all types, which is performed predominantly in elderly people and has its own specifics. The algorithm focuses on the choice and method of anaesthesia. It points to a potentially fatal complication of the operation using cement implantation, the cement syndrome (BCIS) and offers a solution to this complication. Next it deals with the problem of perioperative blood loss, which needs to be quantified and subsequently rationally covered. The last part suggests the methods of post-operative pain treatment.

Jehova Witnesses in a car accident

author: Martina Klincová, MD, Lucie Moťková, MD, Anna Juhásová, Juliána Šimová

Traffic accidents often lead to wide spectre of different injuries that can greatly endanger the life of a crew. Even at first glance minor injuries can cause extensive internal bleeding with large blood loss. In such cases, inevitable immediate intervention is necessary, mostly with a blood transfusion products/blood derivatives. But what if a patient belongs to a group of so-called blood transfusion rejectors? Do you know when you can replace your patient's blood loss with these products and when will you try to find another way of replacing? Our algorithm offers you the opportunity to solve the model of a traffic accident involving Jehovah's Witnesses who are known to belong to a group of people rejecting blood transfusions. There are nearly 16,000 Jehovas Whittnesses in the Czech Republic, so the chance occuring this kind of situation is not negligible.
The laws mentioned in the algorithm are valid for the Czech Republic, therefore situation in the English-speaking countries may differ.

End-of-Life Decisioning from Nurse Point of View

author: Mgr. Michaela Březovská, Hana Harazim, MD

Palliative care in nursing reflects the view of a dying patient as a entire whole person. The provision of palliative care depends primarily on the non-medical health care staff, which provides, for the majority of the time, the dying patients comprehensive care during hospitalisation in an acute bed. Primarily the nurse is a direct participant in all of the events and comes in to contact with dying and death more often than any other medical staff. Therefore, it is essential that non-medical healthcare professionals have considerable interpersonal skills but, above all, clinical knowledge in relation to observation, response and initiation of symptom therapy. The aim of nursing in palliative care is to provide integrated comprehensive care that prevents and alleviates all aspects that are associated with any form of suffering of the dying patient. The aim is therefore to provide care that guarantees the highest quality of life until the last days of a dying patient in the department of acute and intensive care.

SIADH and hyponatremia

author: Jan Hudec, Miriam Šipošová, Kristýna Chudjáková

The syndrome of inapropriate secrection of the ADH – antidiuretic hormone develops after injuries, operations or brain infections. Secretions of the ADH in organism results in water retention and also decreasing of plasma sodium level. However there are also other causes of hyponatremia, which differ significantly in their clinical solution. That is why it’s so important for the doctor to find the cause of hyponatremia as soon as possible and suggest correct therapy. This algorithm guides you in differential diagnosis of hyponatremia and folowing possibilities of the therapy.

Acute coronary syndrome - 2018

author: Marie Pavlušová, MD, Kočí Daniela, Kořínková Martina

Acute coronary syndrome (ACM) is one of the most frequent causes of death in our population. Common risk factors such as bad eating habits, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking are responsible for its development. This algorithm aims at right diagnostics of ACM as well as STEMI and non-STEMI differentiation which is necessary for the right choice of treatment.

Anaesthesia in myotonia congenita Becker

author: Martina Kosinová, MD, PhD, Hrušková Lucia, Janoušová Tereza

Myotonia congenita Becker is an autosomal recessive disease, non-dystrophic myotonia. The worldwide prevalence of myotonia congenita is about 1:100,000. It is linked to mutations in CLCN1, the gene encoding the skeletal muscle chloride channel. The mutation in Becker’s disease leads to reduced flow of chloride ions during repolarisation leading to sustained muscle contraction. The reduced chloride conductance of the mutated chloride channels in Becker’s myotonia causes hyper-excitability of the muscle fibre membrane leading to bursts of aberrant action potentials. The algorithm will lead you through the anesthesia in patient suffering from this disease from preoperating examination to his awakening.

Brain death and organ transplantation

author: Peter Kľúčovský, MD, Návoj Michal, Šaffo Matúš

Brain death is an irreversible extinction of all brain functions including brainstem functions despite of the working cardiovascular system or other organs. The organ donor can be living human or the organ can be taken from the body of dead one. The condition is free and voluntary donor decision. The dead donor is in most cases a person, whose brain damage leads to its death, which has to be medicaly very precisely examinated and confirmed by objective screening procedure.

Neuromuscular Blockade Monitoring

author: Hana Harazim, Tereza Musilová, Adam Predáč

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) are drugs with potentially life threatening effects for the patient. Therefore the monitoring of neuromuscular transmission during the operation is done according to the Czech Society of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Care and it is considered to be a standard procedure in patients care. The objective evaluation of the depth of relaxation gives the anaesthesiologist a valuable information that aids in his decision making about the immediate care. The main goal of this algorithm is to introduce the audience to the basic informations and options about neuromuscular monitoring and furthemore, to point to its importance in bringing the best possible care to the patient.

Peripartum life-threatening haemorrhage - 2018

author: Assoc. Prof. Petr Štourač, MD, PhD, Eliška Moráňová, Ivo Štrýgl

Peripartum life-threatening hemorrhage is defined as quickly increasing blood loss, which is clinically estimated at 1500 ml and more and which is connected with development of clinical and/or laboratory signs of tissue hypoperfusion.

Severe respiratory infection in a child

author: Petr Štourač, Vladislav Nezval, Pavel Brančík, Sylvia Matulová

The airways are most often affected by infectious inflammatory diseases and these are usually not serious. A more severe course may be expected mostly in children, the elderly and patients with a compromised immune system. In this algorithm we encounter a severe course of infectious disease of the airways in a child and learn the therapy options.

Water Rescue Service III

author: Michal Vondráček, MD, Lenka Šrahulková, MD, Zbyněk Šimek, Simona Tuhrinská

In the Czech Republic, swimming is very popular and frequent sport. Warm weather and summer days sprout the swimmers from the pools to the open waters. Swimming in open waters carries not only the joy, but also risks, and a lot of experienced swimmers can end up drowning for the first time. This algorithm will guide you through the water rescue technique from the beginning until the end.

Triage and hospital surge plan

author: Martin Polášek, Veronika Sochorová, Michaela Spoustová

The term 'mass-casualty incident' indicates any situation in which the number and severity of casualties exceed accessible medical resources. To ensure the best efficiency it is essential to quickly distinguish life-threatening injuries and determine the priority of treatment and transport of the wounded as well as to differentiate patients who cannot be saved. To facilitate the process, we can use one of several triage models (e.g. Triage and identification tags which evaluate victim's respiration, circulation and state of consciousness). In this algorithm, one can try to treat basic types of injuries caused in a multiple-vehicle collision.

Thyreotoxicosis

author: Hana Harazim, Denisa Ölveczká, Tereza Tesaříková

Clinical syndrome of thyrotoxicosis is the manifestation of tissue exposure to high levels of circulating thyroid hormones, which is accompanied by characteristic changes in their function. The most common form of thyrotoxicosis, which is caused by excessive thyroid gland, is hyperthyroidism. Shift from thyreotoxicosis of any type to a life-threatening state of a thyrotoxic crisis can caused by stress (emotional stress, intercurrent illness, surgery), destruction of functional tissue (radioiodine treatment), stable iodine (contrast medium administration) or abrupt withdrawal of thyrostatic agents. The failure of all compensatory mechanisms exacerbates the symptoms of toxicosis: agitation to delusional states, profuse sweating in hyperthermia, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperventilation, rhythm disorders and systolic dysfunction will accelerate the development of circulatory and metabolic failure. If treatment is not promptly initiated, mortality is high.
This algorithm will guide you through the issue of thyreotoxicosis with a focus on its diagnosis and treatment.

Preoperative evaluation and patient preparation

author: Ivo Křikava, Martin Kovář, Radovan Lamoš

Usually, the work of a young anaesthetist in perioperative care is vital. Therefore, much attention should be paid to it. Preoperative evaluation is commonly made before all surgical procedures. Nevertheless, its extent differs whether it is elective or emergency surgery and at the same time age and other comorbidities must be considered as well. Because it would be impossible to cover all the variations on one patient the algorithm includes more patients with various perioperative status. These patients should be prepared for different types of surgery (acute vs. elective). While solving the algorithm you can meet the same patient more than once, therefore, it is necessary to stay concentrated.

Postresuscitation care

author: Olga Smékalová, MD, Veronika Machalová, Tereza Novotná

The return of spontaneous circulation is just the first step towards recovery after cardiac arrest. Based on prolonged hypoperfusion or even organ ischaemia and following reperfusion, a patophysiological phenomenons develop. We call this post resuscitation syndrome. This algorithm will guide you through the current recommendations in post-resuscitation care, from securing the patient’s airways in the ambulance through treatment in ICU to post cardiac arrest rehabilitation.

Burn

author: Monika Zamborská, Václav Vafek, Igor Ferenčák

Burns are still one of the most serious injuries. Despite the progress in surgery, intensive care, pharmacotherapy and nutritional therapy we still have to keep in mind that burns are associated with high mortality and lifelong impairment of the patient.
This alghorithm explains the principles of basic life support, urgent medical care and anaesthetic care for burnt pacients.

Penetrating eye injury

author: Jitka Chlupová, MD, Adam Lužák, Lukáš Majerčák

Ocular trauma is the one cause of the acute visual loss. Even a slight defect of the globe integrity can have negative consequences. We can distinguish two types of mechanical ocular trauma: closed (contusion, lamellar laceration) and open (penetration, perforation). In the case of the penetrating ocular trauma is the corneoscleral wall damaged in its whole thickness. The anaesthesia in eye surgery has its very own specifics, that anaesthetist need to care about. This interactive algorithm describes principles of the care for the eye trauma, beggining from the first aid up to the eye surgery.

Cardiac Pacing

author: Jan Hudec, MD, Daniela Charwátová, Roman Kula

Abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias, also dysrhythmias) are one of the most common heart diseases. According to heart rate they can be divided into two groups - bradycardias and tachycardias. The main cause of arrhythmias is a disorder in impulse formation and conduction in myocardial muscle. Generally, the presence of so-called arrhythmogenic substrate is the underlying cause of cardiac arrhythmias. This substrate can be a scar after myocardial infarction, source of ectopic automatism or degenerative changes of the myocardium.
Algorithm Cardiac Pacing provides insight into management of acute arrhythmias. It is also focused on perioperative treatment of sinus bradycardia that leads to cardiac asystole.

Ileus from a surgical viewpoint

author: Kateřina Gajdošíková, Michal Sochor, Vendula Svobodová

Ileus is one of many forms of acute abdomen. It is characterized as a disruption of the normal propulsive ability of the gastrointestinal tract with distension of bowel and then perforation followed by peritonitis and sepsis. This algorithm allows you to diagnose and treat this condition. You will also learn about complications that can occur.

HELLP syndrome

author: Petr Štourač, Pavla Miřátská, Petr Zámečník

HELLP syndrome (Haemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Low Platelet Count) is a rather rare, nonetheless a very serious complication of pregnancy. It often occurs in the setting of preeclampsia but can occur independently, too. One third of cases manifests in the immediate postpartum period. This condition cannot be predicted, the final diagnosis can only be determined based on the laboratory test results, medical signs and patient-reported symptoms. This interactive case takes you on a tour from the recognition of the first signs of HELLP syndrome, its diagnosis and therapy to its possible complications and their consequences.

Anaesthesia of newborn

author: Martina Klincová, Kristýna Dvořáková, Marie Bartošíková

The newborn is not a small adult, there are many anatomical and physiological differences. If itꞌs possible, we postpone the operation until later age. However, exceptions exist, such as a congenital malformation, an acute case etc. and we are forced to perform operation as soon as possible. In these situations, the specialized departments take action. In our algorithm youꞌll encounter pylorostenosis which is the congenital malformation (2-5/1000 newborns) causing disorder of the passage.

Anaesthesia in the elderly patients

author: Marek Kovář, MD, Hana Gottwaldová, Jiří Valenta

Who is considered as an “eldery patient” nowadays? Statisticaly it is age of 65 years. There were 1 760 000 citizens of this age group in the Czech republic at the 31^th December 2012, which is nearly 17 % of our population. The pensionable age is 66.5 years. It is claimed that 22 % of all surgeries are among the eldery patients regarding the same date and this number is rising. Higher risk of perioperative morbidity is connected with higher age and so there are important specifics of anesthesia in eldery patients. What kind of specifics?

Anaesthesia of obese patient

author: MUDr. Marek Kovář, Emma Jurkovičová, Marta Juřeníková

The procedures and techniques commonly encountered in anaesthesia are different when carried out on obese patients. The obesity makes some of them more difficult, or even impossible to perform. Airway management and drug dosage are also specific. The aim of this algorithm is to show you the entire process of anaesthesia in order to realize the important moments when considering patient’s body size is necessary.

Crush syndrome

author: Olga Smékalová, Dominika Styk, Deana Slovjaková

Crush syndrome also called compression syndrome, is a condition caused by massive compression of soft tissues, especially muscles, resulting in rhabdomyolysis (destruction of muscles), edemas and a risk of hyperkalemia. Myoglobin is released from the injured muscles and causes a severe kidney damage and acute renal failure. This algorithm describes treatment of a patient suffering from crush syndrome, step by step, beginning from the lay first aid up to the final care in hospital.

Racional antibiotic therapy

author: Hana Harazim, MD, Zbyněk Švrček, Kateřina Uličná

The antibiotic therapy is an important part of care in all medical specialities. That's why it is necessary to know the general principles. The treatment should be efficient enough, but targeted at the same time. It's essential to think about risks of developing bacterial resistence. This algorithm will lead you through case of a concrete patient, from indication of the therapy to the solution of complications.

Traumatic life-threatening hemmorhage

author: Jana Kubalová, Kateřina Vaníčková, Ľudmila Floreková, Michal Hrubý

When injuries occur, life-threatening bleeding may develop with no obvious external signs, which could warn you. Our algorithm is based on the actual case history about the patient who suffered from a serious car accident.

Carbon monoxide poisoning

author: Martina Klincová, MD, Ľubomíra Longauerová, MD, Jakub Zmrzlík, Barbora Žajdlíková

Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most common accidental poisoning. CO has very strong binding to hemoproteins and blocks their function. It causes severe tissue hypoxia. Poisoning can result in severe neurological disability, worstly can lead to patient’s death. CO binding is reversible, well-timed and adequate therapy is necessary.

Acute pancreatitis

author: Kateřina Gajdošíková, MD, Anna Ďuriníková, Simona Špaňová

Acute pancreatitis is a high-risk condition to which we must approach from the first suspicion as to the condition potentially life-threatening. Symptoms often vary and can cause severe and long-term complications, or even death. In the algorithm you can practice basic principles of diagnosis and therapy of acute pancreatitis, in an effort to minimize the risk of potential death and cure the patient. At the same time you will be explained why some diagnostic and therapeutic processes are more suitable than others, and in which order it is advisable to apply them.

Peroperative embolism

author: Jan Hudec, MD, Zuzana Timková, Lenka Tobiášová

Embolism is a life threatening condition caused by particles lodging in the bloodstream and causing obstruction. According to the origin and type of particles, fat embolism, air embolism, thrombembolism, cellular embolism (metastasis, amniotic fluid) and subcellular embolism (fragmented cells) may occur. There are different causes and risk factors for each kind of embolism. Some forms may occur as a severe complication during surgery. The algorithm describes embolism during neurosurgical operation with focus on the most common symptoms, early diagnosis and proper management.

Acute lower limb ischemia

author: Karolina Steinerová, MD, Assoc. Prof. Petr Štourač, MD, Ph.D., Kateřina Matoušková, Peter Minárik

Acute lower limb ischemia is a serious disease with high morbidity and mortality if left untreated. There are about 150 cases of this disease on 1 million inhabitants per year. It is sudden disease that can lead to an amputation of a limb because of low blood flow and perfusion of the tissues. There are two basic causes of this disease. It is embolisation into the arteries of the limbs and in-situ thrombosis on a plaque of atherosclerosis. Correct diagnosis and early started therapy influence prognosis of the patients. You can solve a diagnosis, treatment, complications and following therapy in our algorithm.

Acute renal failure

author: Roman Štoudek, MD, Dominika Štrbová, Mária Štrbová

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a suddenly developing potentially reversible decrease in renal function for pre-renal, renal, or post-renal causes. The morbidity and mortality associated with ARF remains to be high. Our algorithm introduces you to the management of patient with ARF and teach you about its complications and their treatment.

Tonsillectomy in children

author: Assoc. Prof. Petr Štourač, MD, Ph.D., Adriana Cibíková, Eva Hlaváčková

Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy are the most common pediatric surgical procedures. Tonsillectomy means the surgical removal of the tonsils - paired lymphoid tissues situated on both sides of the back of your throat. These immunocompetent tissues are in the first line to defend the body against ingested or inhaled pathogens. When tonsils become enlarged or inflamed they may require a surgical removal. Indications for tonsillectomy include recurrent pharyngotonsillitis, chronic tonsillitis, hemorrhagic tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, streptococcal carriage, dysphagia, halitosis, and the suspicion of malignant disease.

Complex regional pain syndrome in children (algoneurodystrophy)

author: Assoc. Prof. Petr Štourač, MD, Ph.D., Adéla Kleinová, Eva Klabusayová

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a group of chronical painful conditions, which are one of common complications after limb injuries. Significant role at its development has hyperactivation of sympaticus (defect in function of autonomic nervous system), which leads to defect in microcirculation and also defect in the pain management. Altogether it leads up to development of neurogenic inflammation. If CRPS is left untreated, irreversible changes evolve and cause permanent invalidisation of the patient. Try to go through the algorithm, determine the diagnosis according to the typical clinical symptoms and indicate appropriate therapy for CRPS on time.

Avalanche injury

author: Assoc. Prof. Petr Štourač, MD, Ph.D., Tereza Hanzelková, Magdaléna Hartová

Every year, more than 150 people die in snow avalanches in Europe and Northern America. Most of them are climbers, skiers and skialpinists. Many of these deaths can be prevented by preventive measures, or by fast extrication of the buried people, appropriate first aid, on-scene triage, and subsequent highly specialized treatment in a suitable healthcare facility. Using this algorithm, you will learn how to proceed during a mountain rescue for a victim completely buried by an avalanche, which has these parameters: the width of the riving 200 m, height breakaway from 0.2 to 1.8 m, length 600 m avalanches, deposition height of 6 m, the estimated weight of 9.960 tons of snow.
Firstly, you will play a role of a member of a group of skialpinists surprised by an avalanche while staying in the Krkonoše mountains. Then, you are going to become a prehospital physician responsible for the on-scene treatment given to people extricated by the mountain rescue service.

Resuscitation of pregnant woman

author: Martina Kosinová, MD, Patrícia Bartolenová, Michaela Cipovová

Although cardiac arrest in pregnancy is rare, it can be really unpleasant situation for every doctor. There are a lot of causes, e.g. cardiac failure, bleeding, coagulation disorder or trauma. In this algoritm you can go through basic and advanced life support of mother with emphasis on specifics in resuscitation in pregnancy according to the quidelines.

Altitude sickness

author: Martina Kosinová, MD, Radim Gerstberger, Michal Vondráček

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) can affect all of us already at an altitude of 2500 MASL as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen in air. Initial symptoms may progress to life-threatening diseases such as high altitude cerebral or pulmonary edema. Although we can effectively prevent AMS due to proper acclimatization, sometimes AMS can also affect the professional and experienced climbers.
Act as a member of the alpine expedition in our algorithm and try to solve this case at different stages of this disease.

Management of tachyarrythmia

author: MUDr. Hana Harazim, MUDr. Tomáš Korbička, Petra Honková, Tereza Prokopová

Tachyarrytmias are disorders of heart rhytm with heart rate more than 100 bpm. The algorithm is focused on supraventricular tachyarythmia nad goes through the situation of SVT with narrow QRS complex and regular rhytm to deblocking atrial flutter with the transfer to ventricle 1:1. It will help us to clarify recommended therapeutic procedures in this situation.

Anesthesia for thoracic surgery

author: MUDr. Ivo Křikava, Martina Dvončová, Nikol Englišová

Lung carcinoma is the most common tumor in men and the third most frequent in women. Surgical procedure is one of the standard therapeutic methods. Because this type of surgery intereferes with ventilating functions, it is necessary to approach this procedure specifically from the anesthesiological point of view. This algorithm aims mainly at the choice of preoperative exams of patient’s respiratory system and equipment used during intubation - here plays a significant role the Double Lumen Tube . Moreover, the algorithm deals with the choice of ventilation mode as well as with other specific aspects of this type of surgery. Last but not least, it suggests a situation when the ventilation and oxygenation starts to fail despite the targeted interventions of the anesthesiologist.

Febrile seizures - 2015

author: Ľubomíra Ventrčová-Longauerová, Martina Klincová, Radim Gerstberger, Zuzana Horváthová

Febrile seizures are an age-related phenomenon. Manifestation is characterised by convulsive/cramping states typically generalised tonic-clonic seizures with the possibility of loss of consciousness, disorders of vegetative and regulatory functions. The origin of the febrile convulsions is connected with onset and initial phase of an infectious disease. Within the scope of classification we distinguish simple and complicated seizures with more serious course and consequences which can progress into serious life threatening epileptic state (lat. status epilepticus). Differential diagnostics is based on exclusion of neuroinfectious condition, convulsive states of non-infectious origin, epileptic seizures and febrile syncope.

Cerebral vascular accident

author: MUDr. Roman Štoudek, David Mišurec, Katarína Sakalová

Cerebrovascular accident is an acute condition, which is caused by interruption of blood supply of some part of the brain. Ischemic CVA includes 80% cases of all CVA and it is result of occlusion blood vessel by a thrombus. The cells of the brain will start to die without oxygen supply, we also lose the functions which are controlled by affected area. Clinical symptoms of patients include motional dysfunctions of facial muscles or limbs, balance disorders, sudden intensive headache, vision disorderes or speaking problems. Essencial factor of successful treatment is a quick and right diagnosis of ischemic CVA because of limited interval for tPA application. Consequences of the ictus correlate with localisation and extend of damaged tissue.

Spinal injury

author: MUDr. Olga Smékalová, MUDr. Jan Hudec, Tomáš Stuchlík, David Hruška

Spinal trauma is an injury of the spine and spinal cord. If the patient suffers from polytrauma e.g., the symptoms of life-threatening injuries may mask the symptoms of spinal injury and spinal cord injury can develop by careless manipulation with the patient. If there is a history of sudden acceleration or deceleration (traffic accidents, falls, sports injuries), there is always the possibility of spinal injury. Our algorithm takes you through spinal trauma from first aid to late complications.

Cancer Pain Therapy

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, Lucia Chnupová, Pavla Chromá, Karolina Steinerová

Cancer pain significantly reduces the quality of life of patients with cancer. Therapy of cancer pain is a conjoined part of cancer complex care. Despite this fact, enough attention is quite often not paid to adequate treatment. The algorithm refers to the fundamental principles of the treatment of cancer pain in accordance with recent recommendations.

Epilepsy

author: MUDr. Hana Harazim, Radka Kadlčíková, Mária Moravská

Epilepsy is a disease characterized by recurring seizures of uncontrolled brain neuron excitatory activity, resulting in a cerebral dysfunction. The seizures can be caused as the result of a head trauma, brain tumor or inflammation, brain stroke or due to different metabolic changes. They can also be idiopathic. Most of the seizures end spontaneously, but some continue for a long time or the patient remains unconscious. This situation is called the status epilepticus and it is considered to be a life threatening situation.

Obstetric analgesia

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, Bc. Zuzana Brachaczková, Petra Holečková, Lenka Nedomová

Labour pain appearing during uterine contractions is a reaction of a pregnant woman’s organism preparing for labour. Intensity of labour pain is individual, because perception of pain is affected by somatic, mental and social factors. Therefore, approach to analgesia must be individual as well. Currently, any of many farmacological and non-farmacological means can be used. Epidural analgesia is one of the most commonly used means, lately accompanied by remifentanil. Correctly indicated and administered labour analgesia may help to reduce incidence of labour complications at both mother and child.

Ski slope injury

author: MUDr. Martina Kosinová, Lucie Janalíková, Ľudovít Kadlec

The Mountain Rescue Service in Czech Republic provides more than 6000 rescue operations every year. About a half of the accidents occures in ski slope skiing. The most common injuries are joint injuries, contusions and fractures. Our algorithm introduces you to the management of the ski slope injury from the layman´s first aid to the professional prehospital and hospital care.

Rupture of AAA

author: MUDr. Martina Kosinová, MUDr. Lukáš Korbel, Kateřina Gajdošíková, Daniela Hahnová

To think about the most serious complication of Abdominal aortic aneurysm - the rupture is very important because even banal difficulties such as backache, epigastric pain or vomiting could be a harbinger of a lethal end. After asymptomatic period, condition can lead to hemorrhagic shock in few hours. Due to risk factors which are widely distributed in our population (smoking, hypertension, atherosclerosis, age) and the prevalence of aneurysm which is not negligible (2.5 – 5 %), the risk of rupture is very high. It depends on size – the risk of rupture 6 cm aneurysm in 5 years is 33 %, in case of aneurysm with diameter above 7 cm is up to 95 %.

Malignant Hypertermia - 2014

author: Lukáš Dadák, Veronika Gulová, Eva Hoštáková

Malignant hyperthermia is a rare life-threatening disease that is
characterised by pathologic hypermetabolic condition at the muscle tissue level. Susceptibility to MH is often inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder and the episode is triggered by esposure to certain drugs - succinylcholine and volatile anesthetic agents. It usually occurs during general anesthesia or within the first few hours of recovery from anesthesia.
In the following algorithm you will learn how to recognise MH episode and how to deal with such situation.

Pulmonary embolism

author: MUDr. Ivo Křikava, Martin Minárik, Eva Mikulčíková

Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening condition in which the main artery of the lung or one of its branches is blocked by a substance that is most commonly a blood clot. The blood clot is formed mainly in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis. Embolization is then the process of breaking off the thrombus from its origin and migrating to the lung. There are many patients affected by this condition and often it is not recognised properly. It is very important to be able to diagnose this condition and to cure it.

Pulmonary oedema

author: MUDr. Ivo Křikava, Markéta Kleinová, Lucie Jamborová

Pulmonary oedema is fluid accumulation in the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure. It is due to either failure of the heart to remove fluid from the lung circulation or a direct injury to the lung parenchyma. Treatment depends on the cause, but focuses on maximizing respiratory function and removing the cause. Terapy must be fast and intensive. This algorithm takes us through the situation from ensuring the patient in prehospital care until professional treatment and therapy in the hospital.

Laryngospasm

author: MUDr. Hana Harazim, Monika Ďuricová, Jan Blahut

Laryngospasm is an acute life-threatening condition caused by reflex closure of the rima glotidis by the vocal cords. Presence of saliva, blood, stomach contents, supraglottic airway device and manipulation with laryngoscope in the hypopharynx in state of partial consciousness may contribute to the development of this condition. Laryngospasm occurs more often in children, young adults or in obese people during extubation procedure when the patient is not yet fully recovered from general anaesthesia. The following algorithm introduces a recommended management of severe laryngospasm.

Difficult airway management - 2014

author: Lukáš Dadák, Adéla Sotolářová, Karolina Radl Steiner

Difficult airway management is an urgent, life threatening situation, which is a nightmare of every anaesthesiologist. We can speak about difficult airway managent if we repeteadly cannot intubate or if it takes longer then 10 minutes. Difficult airway management it to be expected when the pacient has limited cervical spine movement, neck and face injury or in pregnancy.

Drug intoxication

author: MUDr. Roman Štoudek, MUDr. Ľubomíra Longauerová, Adrián Sahaj, Kristína Hubschová

The wrong therapeutic approach in some cases of drug intoxication can cause worse consequences than the intoxication itself and therefore it is important to think of the drug intoxication in terms of differencial diagnosis. Our algorithm describes the diagnosis and possible solutions of complications caused by the intoxication with recreational drugs.

Acute asthma

author: MUDr. Roman Štoudek, MUDr. Martina Kosinová, Mária Bačíková, Monika Bendíková

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness and leads to recurrent episodes of dyspnea, wheezing, chest tightness and coughing. Acute asthma is a life-threatening condition requiring hospitalization. It responds badly to basic treatment. Because of the constantly increasing number of patients with asthma, it is important to know, how to deal with this difficult condition.¨

Caesarean section

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, MUDr. Tomáš Korbička, Gabriela Matuščinová, Petra Polochová, Klára Přichystalová

The Caesarean section is an operation, when the baby is delivered by a surgical way. There are many indications for this medical help. Our algorithm follows three types of anaesthesiology (general, epidural and spinal), which can be used, and the complications, which can come during the operation. Unpreparedness and insufficient help could be dangerous not just for the baby, but also for the patient.

Life-threatening haemorrhage - 2014

author: MUDr. Olga Smékalová, MUDr. Michaela Drašková, Veronika Michalčinová, Zuzana Mišutková

Life-threatening haemorrhage can be defined in many aspects: by extent of blood loss- loss of blood volume during 24 hours (in an adult of about 10 units of RBC transfusion) or a loss of 50% of blood volume during three hours or continuous blood loss of over 150 ml / min; by the presence of clinical and laboratory signs of tissue hypoperfusion or signs of organ functions failure. Sometimes bleeding is not associated with major blood loss, but it threatens the life by localization of bleeding to the regions important for maintaining vital functions (eg. CNS).

Acid-base balance

author: MUDr. Elena Krátka, Vlastimil Koziel, Daniela Hahnová

Acid base balance is dynamic balance between the formation and elimination of sour and alkaline substances in organism. It is regulated very accurately which is necessary for the right course of a range of metabolic pathways and physiological processes. Disorders of acid base balance are always a complex problem where the whole internal environment of the patient is changing. The ability of timely recognition and of proper solution of those deviations is absolutely radical in clinical practice. Our algorithm is going to show you how to go about it.

Newborn resuscitation

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, Ph.D., MUDr. Ľubomíra Longauerová, Terezie Lásková, Hana Pulkrábková

Not every gravidity would end up with labor at term. During pregnancy there could be many complications, either with mother or child, that result in premature birth. One of these complications can be hypoxia of baby. In that case premature birth ends with delivering hypoxic baby with very low Apgar score. In Algorithm „Newborn resuscitation“ you can try what to do in such a situation.

Acute laryngitis in children

author: Hana Harazim, MD, Michaela Knollová

Childhood is characterized by the occurrence of large amounts of infectious diseases, some of them even life-threatening. The occurrence of menacing acute epiglottitis in children was reduced by the introduction of vaccination against Haemofillus influenzae B and therefore it is far more frequent to encounter an obstruction of the upper airway caused by acute laryngitis. It starts suddenly from full health or follows catarrh of the upper respiratory tract. Most often occurs at night as inspiratory dyspnea with inspiratory stridor. Now you can learn how to deal with this serious clinical condition through our algorithm.

Eclampsia

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, Jiří Bosák, Karla Voráčová

Eclampsia is life-threatening pregnancy complication that is characteristic by tonic-clonic seizures. The patient is usually warned by obvious symptoms, but sometimes the eclampsia appears unexpected. It requires immediate intervention of seizure suppression, high blood pressure decrease and quick delivery. Due to the seriousness, an unexpected beginning and the progress, the main protection is prevention and diagnosis of preeclampsia that is easily treatable.

Acute abdomen from a anesthesiological viewpoint

author: MUDr. Hana Harazim, Zdeněk Drlík

Acute abdomen is one of the classic cases of acute medicine. Due to the threat of serious complications it is necessary to recognize it early and treat appropriately. In the case of surgical intervention, the patient is at high risk of aspiration of gastric contents during induction of general anesthesia. Our algorithm focuses on the topic from the perspective of anesthesiologist, especially on the correct rapid induction of anesthesia (Rapid Sequence Induction-RSI, flash introduction, crush introduction).

Peripartal bleeding - 2013

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, Kristýna Malá, Jan Hudec, Vojtěch Hurčík

Peripartal life-threatening haemorrhage is defined as sudden and uncontrolled blood loss, which is clinically estimated at 1500 ml and more, and which is associated with the onset of clinical and/or laboratory signs of tissue hypoperfusion.

ALS in adult

author: Petr Štourač, Zuzana Hricišinová, Eva Uvízlová, Martin Vašíček

Heart arrest is one of the common life-threatening situation which can face all of us during normal life especially then medical stuff in hospitals. Our algorithm describes briefly and exatly basic life supporting actions in case of heart arrest and advanced life support provided by emergency team.

Diabetes mellitus

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, MUDr. Michaela Drašková, Mayra Bermúdes, Monika Ťažká

The Diabetes mellitus algorithm describes step-by-step prehospital and subsequently hospital process of treatment of the hyperglycaemic coma. The algorithm is processed in the prehospital phase from the perspective of a non-medical professional and a medical professional at the scene of an incident to make sure to emphasize basic life functions.

Meningococcal sepsis

author: MUDr. Elena Krátka, Lukáš Korbel, Michaela Gemrotová

Meningococcal sepsis, meningococcal meningitis and sepsis combinated with menigitis are caused by gram negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis and are understood under exression invasive meningococcal disease. Appreciable part of population are healthy carriers of this microbe. On the other hand it can cause fulminant and often fatal disease. Algorithm shows a typical case of IMD and the most important principles of its treatment.

Childbirth in the field

author: MUDr. Hana Harazim, MUDr. Michaela Drašková, Eva Filipová, Veronika Horváthová, Michaela Knollová, Táňa Novotná

Childbirth in the field is situation which can confront every one of us. For this case an algorithm was created, where you find yourself in the position of emergency doctor called to assist the progressing childbirth. Here is your chance to get familiar with the proper medical guidance of the childbirth in the field.

Methanol intoxication

author: MUDr. Lenka Baláková, Katarína Kačmárová, Romana Dúbravická

Methanol intoxication has become a very actual topic within last year. The great danger of accidental poisoning lies in inability to recognize methanol while drinking it and distinguish it from ethanol and so avoid drinking greater amount of it. This algorithm takes us through the situation from ensuring the patient in prehospital care until professional treatment and therapy in the hospital.

Anaphylaxis in obstetrics - amniotic fluid embolism

author: MUDr. Ivana Bártíková, MUDr. Olga Smékalová, Vlastimil Koziel, Alžběta Šátková, Barbora Kozlovská, Daniel Kotleba

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare but very serious and dramatic complication in pregnancy. It is one of the most common causes of maternal death worldwide, with mortality approaching 80%. Diagnosis is based only on clinical signs, it is used the elimination procedure - "diagnosis per exclusionem". This algorithm describes from the perspective of an anesthesiologist this emergent situation and subsequent diagnosis.

Electrical injury

author: MUDr. Olga Smékalová, Martina Šablaturová

The Injury caused by an electric current can often threaten a human life. We would like to demonstrate how to act when you witness this kind of accident.

Post-dural Puncture Headache

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, Ľubomíra Longauerová, Jiří Táborský

Postdural puncture headache is one of the complications of central blockades. It arises most often in connection with a previous puncture of epidural or spinal space as a result of perforation of the dura mater and arachnoidea. A cerebrospinal fluid is leaking from the gap in dura mater. It leads to a drop of pressure of cerebrospinal fluid and it can cause headaches. The following algorithm will try to bring the diagnosis and the treatment of this condition.

Analgesia in a GP practice

author: MUDr. Ivo Křikava, Martina Kosinová, Elena Jurisová

Sufficient analgesia in the practitioners´ ambulance is often underestimated part of daily routine in patients care. We can often see underdosing of analgesics due to fear of overdose or addiction to opioids.Therefore, we present here the algorithm with a possible therapeutic procedure for chronic hip pain.

Syncope

author: MUDr. Ivana Bártíková, Zuzana Markuseková

Syncope may be defined as a sign of short term loss of consciousness and/or postural muscle tone. It may be observed in patients with no cardiovascular diseases of organic origin but it can also be a sign of other serious diseases. Diagnosis of syncope is a tricky one, a lot of it depends on thorough case history taking and physical examination. According to research, up to 25-35% of syncope cases can be diagnosed from case history, or it may at least indicate relevant clinical testing.

Severe allergic reaction

author: MUDr. Roman Štoudek, Markéta Brandová, Jan Polášek, Renata Schwanzerová

Severe allergic reaction is life-threatening. It may be observed after insect bite, after eating specific food or using some drugs. Most important is early diagnosis and immediate treatment. This algorithm presents possibility of diagnosis and treatment of this severe state.

Toxic reaction to local anaesthetics in dentistry

author: MUDr. Zdeněk Daněk, Andrea Hajná

The algorithm describes a real situation of a toxic reaction to local anesthetic at the dentist. It generally shows the development from relative overdose to absolute overdose of local anestehticum. The algorithm should thus also contribute to adoptation of important procedures when solving such an acute state.

Toxic reactions to local anaesthetics

author: MUDr. Ivo Křikava, Ľubomíra Longauerová, Kristýna Melichárková, Tereza Šafaříková, Alexandra Lamprechtová

Local anaesthetics are widely used by anaesthesiologists, surgeons or general practitioners. There is a risk of severe toxic reactions, which may lead to fatal sequels. This algorithm presents possibilities of minimalisation of the risk and offers the guideline by treatment of severe cardiovascular complication according to current opinions.

Syncope in dentistry

author: MUDr. Zdeněk Daněk, Eva Bosáková

The algorithm describes a real situation at the dentist - the extraction of the wisdom teeth combined with a pre-operative complication: a syncope complication. Each step of such a situation is outlined to comprehend the whole complexity of the syncope. Sub-questions then one by one describe the evolving state of the patient and offer solutions to particular steps. The correct answer to each of the questions will enable every student to finish the algorithm successfully.

Analgesia in dentistry

author: MUDr. Zdeněk Daněk, Marta Gogolínová

The algorithm describes two painful situations in orofacial areas. The first focuses on an acute postoperative pain after third molar surgery and recommended strategy for analgesia. The second situation concentrates on a chronic pain in temporomandibular joint. Besides, the second one also offers a therapy in various stages of the disease. Students should learn (about) not only recommended principles of conservative treatment, but also possible subsequent surgical therepy.

Acute coronary syndrome - 2011

author: Lukáš Dadák, Hana Harazim, Martina Pleskačová

Myocardial infarction (heart attack) is one of the most common causes of death in our population. Many risk factors contributing to its genesis are spread widely such as smoking, obesity, junk food, lack of exercise, high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. Our algorithm presents you the right way to diagnose and treat heart attack as so as the most frequent mistakes that can endanger the patient.

Water rescue II

author: MUDr. Lenka Baláková, Andrej Černý

The basic rules of water rescue...or How to help drowning person without drowning yourself.

Water rescue I

author: MUDr. Lenka Baláková, Andrej Černý

The basic rules of water rescue...or How to help drowning person without drowning yourself.

Hypothermia

author: MUDr. Lenka Baláková, Markéta Brandová

Rub frostbite with snow? Limber up to heat yourself? Check your knowledge in our algorithm of first aid in the mountains.

Car accident

author: MUDr. Lenka Baláková, Anna Janečková

Technical first aid is an indispensable part of pre-hospital care. How about you? Do you know, how to proceed in a traffic accident?

Serious head injuries - invasive monitoring

author: MUDr. Peter Bakalík, MUDr.Petr Štourač, MUDr. Miloš Hons, MUDr. Zdeňek Chvátal, MUDr. Martin Chovanec, Eva Uvízlová, Martin Vašíček

Everyone can be involved in a serious car accident. Our algorithm offers you sequence of actions by serious head injury and its solution using invasive approaches.

Acute postoperative pain management - 2009

author: Ivo Křikava, Martina Kosinová, Gabriela Kolářová

Acute postoperative pain management is a multidisciplinary task in which they are responsible both anesthesiologist, surgeon, attending physicians and nurses of postoperative department. For this reason, there is often a transfer of responsibilities between the involved medical staff, and often a poor care of the patient's pain. Early postoperative pain treatment can prevent its chronification. Therefore, we present here the algorithm for the treatment of postoperative pain after pulmonary surgery.

Craniocerebral trauma

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, MUDr. Roman Štoudek, MUDr Michal Izakovič, vendula Štarhová, Kristýna Koželuhová

Craniocerebral trauma is the most severe injury group, which is associated with high mortality and severe permanent consequences. At present, the frequency of brain and skull injury is increasing,it often occurs as a part of a polytrauma. In our algorithm you will get familiar with direct acute brain injury and its treatment.

Basic life support: choking in adults

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, MUDr. Zuzana Ďurišová, Lenka Maková, Michal Malý

The algorithm focuses on one of the themes of first aid (Basic Life Support, BLS) directly endangered the patient's life. His comletation can be useful for both the layman and the person in acute situations already versed. The algorithm was created in accordance with the current guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council 2010.

Basic life support in adults

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, MUDr. Zuzana Ďurišová, Lenka Maková, Michal Malý

Mastering the principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation should belong to the personal equipment of each man. Algorithm in accordance with the current guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council lead through possible pitfalls of this for amateurs and experts crucial life-saving activity.

Basic life support in children

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, MUDr. Zuzana Ďurišová, Lenka Maková, Michal Malý

First Aid in children already bring to the trespassing acute stress and severe emotional component. Come and try out at home possible realistic scenario to help the child, which is described in the current recommendations of the European Resuscitation Council.

Advanced Life Support in bradycardia

author: MUDr. Petr Štourač, MUDr. Zuzana Ďurišová, Lenka Maková, Michal Malý

The presented algorithm provides additional procedure in the current recommendations of the European Resuscitation Council. This is a possible scenario of real emergency ambulance of any medical facility.

Surviving sepsis

author: MUDr. Elena Krátka, MUDr. Lukáš Breyer, Jan Mayer, Marek Kovář, Marek Kubík

Sepsis is systemic inflammatory response syndrome of organism caused by infection. It can easily extend to a stage of severe sepsis and septic shock with the signs of multiple organ dysfunction even failure requiring extensive organ functions´ support . Increasing number of septic patients revers to the fact that the amount of predisposed individuals in various ways is increasing: patients suffering from imunosupression, undergoing invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Early diagnose and immediate and accurate therapy is crucial.